Vaccination And Its Effects On The World s Health Essay

Introduction Vaccination, also known as immunisation, involves the process in which an individual is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease through the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines do this by stimulating the body’s own immune system to protect that individual against a particular disease. The discussion of vaccinations is a subject that awakens very strong opinions, stirring up heated debate on their reliability, efficacy, and safety. In an overview, the benefits are clear, vaccinations have been a proven means for controlling and eliminating life threatening diseases and are estimated to prevent between 2-3 million deaths each year (WHO 2016). Including the prevention of epidemics, pandemics and a long term decrease in health care costs. Life-saving vaccines, such as the measles vaccine, are becoming more accessible, meaning more of the world’s most vulnerable people especially children will benefit from this. The World Health Organization stated; â€Å"The two public health interventions that have had the greatest impact on the world’s health are clean water and vaccines.† (WHO 2003). The ability to vaccinate early in life has greatly reduced the affliction of illness, crippling, and death that was once a common part of childhood, being due to diseases such as diphtheria, polio and measles (Immunology 2008 p.188). The side effects of vaccination however definitely weigh on parents minds. The main controversial questions parents may have to answer areShow MoreRelatedVaccinating Children At A Young Age Raises Concerns Essay1139 Words   |  5 PagesWith all the diseases and virus s spreading throughout our world, the issue of vaccinating children at a young age raises concerns. While some parents choose to vaccinate their children, others allow the human body and the immune system to take control of the situation. Over time, arguments have risen that the chemicals put into vaccinations can have harmful side effects and impacts on the human body if taken incorrectly. There are many similarities and differences seen between the two life styleRead MoreVaccinations Of Babies And Children1623 Words   |  7 Pages Vaccinations of Babies and Children In today’s society they’re thousands of children that are not being vaccinated because of the unconcerning knowledge of the parents not knowing the side effects: long-term or short-term. A side effect is an harmful or unpleasant effect of a drug or a medical treatment. Babies and children are more than likely to experience an unpleasant effect due to their very weak immune system.Babies and children are not like the adults and the elders. When infants are bornRead MoreCompulsory Vaccinations And The Public Health Intervention Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversy is when it comes to compulsory vaccinations, the public health intervention will always have negative or harmful effects in combination with the benefits of compulsory vaccinations. For those that stand behind the argument that immunizations are unnecessary in our children, have argued that the vaccine industry has misrepresented the safety of vaccines. They also have argued that they have covered up info rmation regarding certain vaccinations to gain from the financial standard. In orderRead MoreVaccinations Should Be Mandatory Vaccinations1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe government should mandate vaccinations, and although it would sacrifice the liberty and choice for public health it would keep the well-being and health of everyone much more safe and away from the risk of disease. Most people agree that vaccinations should be mandated because of how being vaccinated keeps people safer in public environments since being vaccinated helps stop diseases from being spread, as proven by science, but people who do not agree with vaccination mandation most of the timeRead MoreShould Vaccines Be Required By Law?1670 Words   |  7 Pagessave lives. Body Con 1 - Vaccines weaken a person s immune system, and can in cases make someone ill. Vaccines are sometimes unreasonable because our immune system can defend itself, and at time can make things worse. Another problem with vaccines is that majority of the time a child s immune systems can deal with most infections naturally (Vaccines ProCon.org). Injecting questionable vaccine ingredients into a childs system can cause side effects such as seizures, paralysis, and death. They contendRead MoreVaccination Crisis And Controversies Of Africa1620 Words   |  7 Pages2017 Midterm Report: â€Å"Vaccination Crisis and Controversies in Africa† The Africa past colonial, past aftereffects, and its evils like malnutrition, illiteracy, war and the refusal of a part of the population in the developed countries especially in America to let American children get vaccinated raised the problem of vaccination especially in a bruised population in Africa. The current problem is whether to suspend vaccination campaigns or to continue the vaccination for the welfare of childrenRead MoreThe Opposing Viewpoints Of The Vaccination Of Children1097 Words   |  5 Pagesthe vaccination of children. To those who are in favor of vaccinating children, vaccinations are seen as a means of protection against some highly contagious and possibly deadly diseases. To those on the other side of the argument, vaccinations are generally seen as ineffective in protection, as well as a possible source of autism and other disorders. This paper will present and analyze both sides of this argument in an attempt to inform the reader on the opposing viewpoint s of the vaccination ofRead MoreVaccinations For A Healthy Lifestyle1656 Words   |  7 Pageson vaccinations to be maintain a healthy lifestyle. Although vaccinations can fight off disease they can also affect kids in negative ways. There are also parents who depend on certain vaccinations too much which can cause more problems in the long run. As the amount of kids who are not vaccinated grows, the amount of diseases that were once wiped away start to return. When kids are born they are right away taken to get vaccinations. One of the reasons that young kids need more vaccinations is becauseRead MoreThe Problem Of Anti Vaccination1549 Words   |  7 Pages The United States has a problem and its name is â€Å"anti-vaccination†. To combat this and the risk it presents to the general public s health, the California state legislature has passed a law which is a monumental step forward in the quest for worldwide health. For decades, vaccines have been dramatically reducing t he rates or even ridding whole continents of deadly diseases, the likes of which were previously thought a normal, albeit horrific, part of childhood. In recent years, a growing numberRead MoreVaccination Controversy1554 Words   |  7 PagesVaccination Controversy Julie S. Bertram Excelsior College Authors note This paper was written for MLS 500: Graduate Research and Writing taught by Dr. Kyla Hammond Most healthcare professionals and leaders attribute vaccination as the single-most important reason for increasing the health of the human population during the past one hundred years. As a result, required immunizations are common in the U. S. and other developed countries. However, there is a segment of society who argue against

Essay on Candide - 1469 Words

Candide Essay Toward the beginning of the 18th century, a new ideology began to take hold of Europe. It was during this time that a radical and critical revolution took place to bring about the use of rational thought and enlighten the people about their own beliefs and values; thus igniting the period of Enlightenment. In this period many people followed the teachings of their forefathers, such as Socrates, who was considered a figure of skepticism and rational thought. Challenging all views and theorems was the main point of this new ideology. Voltaire, a very powerful and influential figure among the writers of the 18th century, was known for his rejection of religion and a devout deist. In one of his most famous works, Candide, he†¦show more content†¦During this time people turned to religious answers for phenomena of the natural world, so this made it hard for many to accept so easily. Isaac Newton, famous physicist and mathematician, was a Deist as well. Newton’s discovery of the Theory of Gravity brought about a whole new understanding of the world. It was Newton who introduced the idea of the mechanical universe, an idea which explained natural phenomena with science or most importantly mathematics. Deists rejected organized religion and believed that reason was the basic characteristic of man. This is perfectly exemplified in a passage from Thomas Paine: â€Å"I do not believe in the creed professed by†¦any church that I know of. My own mind is my own church†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Perry, Pg. 64) One of Descartes famous quotes in the time of the Enlightenment were â€Å"I think, therefore I am.† (Perry, Pg.49) Although Deism was a radical movement from previous ideologies, it did not completely ignore religious works or teachings. Thomas Jefferson found many excellent lessons and examples of moral behavior within the gospels. Deism was a departure from vague philosophical study that dealt with irrelevant ideas to rational study about things gr ounded to this world and reality. Beyond philosophy and science, politics was also subject to a radical change. Most notable would be beginning of Constitutionalism, a system of government in a form of monarchy which theShow MoreRelatedCandide Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesCandide Essay Compare/Contrast of 2 Characters Throughout the story of Candide, the author Voltaire uses many of the characters to portray important things in life. The two characters that Voltaire used the most were Candide and Pangloss. Voltaire used these two characters to represent a particular idea or folly that he had about the world. In the story Candide, Voltaire is always portraying his own ideas by using the characters to illustrate his own ideas. Candide and Pangloss represent theRead More Candide Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pages Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire’s novella, Candide, incorporates many themes, yet concentrates a direct assault on the ideas of Leibniz and Pope. These two well-known philosophers both held the viewpoint that the world created by God was the best of all possibilities, a world of perfect order and reason. Pope specifically felt that each human being is a part of God’s great and all knowing plan or design for the world. Voltaire had a very opposite point of view in that he saw a world of needlessRead MoreEssay on Candide658 Words   |  3 Pages CANDIDE By Voltaire nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout Candide the author, Voltaire, demonstrates the character’s experiences in a cruel world and his fight to gain happiness. In the beginning Candide expects to achieve happiness without working for his goal and only taking the easy way out of all situations. However, by the end of the book the character realized that to achieve happiness a lot of work, compromises, and sacrifices are necessary. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Candide isRead More Candide Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pages Candide Wealth and great materialistic possession brings happiness and success to most people’s lives. Although wealth does not always bring happiness, El Dorado was one society where all it’s inhabitants lived lives full of success and happiness. In Candide, wealth proved to guarantee a person a step forward in life and some sense of freedom. Sometimes when one lives in an environment consisting of total equality, one may prefer to leave and go to a different place where they would be consideredRead More Candide Essay2027 Words   |  9 Pages Candide is the illegitimate nephew of a German baron. He grows up in the baron’s castle under the tutelage of the scholar Pangloss, who teaches him that this world is â€Å"the best of all possible worlds.† Candide falls in love with the baron’s young daughter, Cunà ©gonde. The baron catches the two kissing and expels Candide from his home. On his own for the first time, Candide is soon conscripted into the army of the Bulgars. He wanders away from camp for a brief walk, and is brutally flogged as a deserterRead MoreAn Essay on Man vs. Candide795 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿An Essay on Man vs. Candide During the period of Enlightenment, many philosophers began a new way of thinking. For philosopher Alexander Pope in An Essay on Man, Pope believed that, â€Å"Whatever is, is right† (L. 294), in that God is in control and every human being is a part of a greater design of God. Voltaire later challenged that belief in Candide with the idea that God does not produce order, but instead, we must produce it ourselves and use reason to give our lives meaning. Pope’s positionRead More Voltaires Candide: The Transformation of Candide Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesVoltaires Candide: The Transformation of Candide   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Candide (1991), which is another version of Voltaire by French writer Francois-Marie Arouet, is a short but diverse story that tells of a young mans journey for love and the hardships he faces all the while keeping a very strong, positive and philosophical outlook on life. The book starts in an unknown year, hinted sometime around the Renaissance, with a young man named Candide. Candide loves the princess of a Baron and is banished fromRead More Candide by Voltaire Essay example1218 Words   |  5 Pagesthe author of the novella Candide, also known as Optimism. The the novella, Voltaire portrays the idea of Optimism as being illogical and absurd. In Candide, Voltaire satirizes the doctrine of Optimism, an idea that was greatly used during the Enlightenment time period by philosophers. In this narrative, Candide is a young man who goes through a series of undertakings and ventures around the the globe where he experiences evil and adversity. Throughout his journeys, C andide maintained the ideas ofRead MoreEssay Voltaire’s Candide1318 Words   |  6 PagesVoltaire’s Candide portrays an exaggerated image of human cruelty and suffering in the world. Specifically, Voltaire criticizes people’s lack of willingness to prevent suffering, and their tendency to accept the idea that there is nothing anyone can do about human outcomes. He upholds his belief that practical ways of solving problems generate improvement. He believes that human indifference and inaction cause suffering to carry on. Voltaire’s believes that naà ¯ve optimism, absolute pessimism, cruelRead MoreCandide Essay example608 Words   |  3 PagesCandide is a French satire novel written by Voltaire during the Enlightenment period. The novel tells the life story of Candide, a young and honest man from Westphalia. He falls in love with Cundegonde , the beautiful daughter of the Baron of the Thunder-ten-Thronckh. Later he is forced to leave Westphalia therefore begins his adventures throughout many different countries. Throughout his advantures, Candide’s beliefs and experiences have changed dramatically. The novel reflects a type of writing

Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth

Question: Discuss about the Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth. Answer: Introduction: Australia is the most China-reliant economy in the developed world. According to Su et al. (2013), new data that was gathered from Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) suggests that China is not only the countrys most important trade partner but also on the brink of becoming number one investor. On the other hand, it is true that Indonesia is not event in the top ten lists of Australias two way trading partners. However, as mentioned in Daily Reckoning, Indonesia is the fourth country in the world that might have the biggest impact on the future of Australia in the next 20 years (Peters 2013). Therefore, it is understandable that if any of those two countries that is China and Indonesia experiences any economy fall down, it will hamper the growth of Australia. In the year of 2010, China recorded its last second digit growth that was 10.5%. After that the Chinese economy has efficiently decelerated by 30% in the last five years. As mentioned by Peters (2013), the slowdown mostly took place in 2011 and 2012. During that time reported growth of China was 9% and 7% respectively. The Peoples Bank of China has cut interest rates and bank reserve requirements so that more credit can be offered. It is said that without this support, Chinas GDP growth would have fallen further. However, as mentioned by Su et al. (2013), this slowdown is far from over. It is expected that in next two years, the GDP of China will deteriorate further because of its real estate bubble, huge production overcapacity and the lack of new growth engines. Housing prices in China dropped 4.5 in the past few years and still 60 million apartments await buyers (Su et al. 2013). It is expected that manufacturing organizations and companies of China will not revive unless a huge i ncrease in demand takes place that will consume an extra 10% points of its impending industrial output (Su et al. 2013). Figure 1: Australian goods exports to China (Source: Carr 2014) According to Carr (2014), China is Australias biggest export market as in the year of 2014, and was also responsible for Australias 34% exports. This clearly indicates that China is Australias top export market having a total value of around AUS $98 bn. As mentioned by Hale (2014), Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade stated that Australia is also dependable on China in terms of agricultural products and energy products and services. On the other hand, in the past ten years, Australia has experienced the second largest amount of Chinese direct investment. From the year of 2005 to 2015, Australia gained nearly US $80 bn as Chinese overseas direct investment. As mentioned by Larum and Qian (2012), most of the investment that was done by China was in real estate last year. A KPMG report that was gathered by University of Sydney estimates that Chinese real estate investment will be AUD $7 bn in the year of 2015 (He 2012). This investment was mostly focused in one state which is New South Wales. The next industry in Australia that receives most of the investment from China is renewable energy and healthcare. A huge deal was signed between Chinas State Power Investments Corporation and Pacific Hydro that made renewable energy the second industry of Australia that gains more attention from Chinese investors. On the other hand, both the countries have also signed a new free-trade agreement that took place in December, 2015. According to the rules and regulations that were decided in the year of 2014, 86% Australian goods could enter China without any duty charges (Peters 2013). This new trade regulation will rise the percentage to 94% and it is expected that by 2029 this percentage will rise up to 96%. Besides, International Institute of Education stated that in the year of 2014 there were more than 80,000 Chinese students studying in Australia. This arrival of students brings massive economic benefits to Australia. Normally it looks like Austr alia gets benefitted from Chinese students in terms of tuition fees and other related to their study; however, the Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia who is Phillip Lowe stated that it goes beyond that. According to Nethery et al. (2013), Chinese students also who are pursuing their education in Australia, help to develop relationship and promote goodwill of the country. It also can help to identify cross-border business opportunities. This in turn helps Australia to develop new and productive business ventures with China. Figure 2: Chinese goods exports to Australia (Source: Chatfield 2015) Therefore, if the economy of China cannot recover, then the amount of investments done by Chinese organizations will be minimized. Not only that, every other help that Australia gets from China will be reduced. Relationship between Australia and Indonesia can be understood by their inclusive economic partnership agreement. It is also known as IA-CEPA negotiations. This negotiation took place in March of 2016 (Beeso and Lee 2015). This negotiation was an extended part of CEPA launched by the leaders of the two countries in the year of 2010. The goal of this negotiation was to develop on existing multilateral and provincial agreements that also include AANZFTA (Australia and New Zealand Free Trade Area) (Azam et al. 2015). On the other hand, there is also Indonesia-Australia Business Partnership Group. This is a huge opportunity for Australian and Indonesian businesses to come close to discuss joint interests and offer recommendations to both the Governments on the trade relationship. Report on this negotiation is released in the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry Website. Negotiations of IA-CEPA in the March were not the end as it continued in Sydney from 23rd to 26th August (Carr 2 016). On the other hand, Indonesian tourism industry mostly depends on Australian tourists. According to a report published in 18th May 2016, the amount of Australian tourists in Indonesia has gone up to 30% as compared to previous. Last year, nearly 900,000 Australian visitors came to Bali only. The total number of Australian visitors in Indonesia was 1,130,000 in the last year (Carr 2016). Figure 3: Australian goods imports from Indonesia (Source: Beeson and Lee 2015) Business relationship between Australian and Indonesia means a lot to Australian businesses. It is evident that the two way trade between Australia and Indonesia was worth $ 14.9 bn in the year of 2011-12. The main goods that are exported to Indonesia from Australia are wheat, livestock, aluminium and cotton. Indonesias major exports are crude and refined petroleum, steel, gold and iron. More than 15,000 students are doing their education in Australia that is contributing nearly $400 million to the Australian economy (Chatfield et al. 2015). Australia is also responsible for sending aids worth $540 million to Indonesia in the year of 2013 which is expected to grow slowly but steadily in the next few years. However, the biggest economic relationship among Indonesia and Australia is seen in the Tourism sector. Indonesia is the countrys second most popular tourism destination. In the year of 2012, it is recorded that nearly 2,000,000 passengers travelled between Australia and Indonesia (Chatfield et al. 2015). Figure 4: Australian goods exports to Indonesia (Source: Chatfield et al. 2015) From the above discussion it is clear that Australian businesses are highly depended on Indonesia because manufacturing organizations of Australia are nothing unless they receive natural resources from Indonesia. On the other hand, just like China, Australia is getting a huge amount of revenue from the students of Indonesia who are studying the country. If the economy of Indonesia gets hampered, then it is obvious that those things will be minimising also. Therefore, in that situation, Australia will face major issues. In that situation, Australia will have to look for help from any other country which will allow that country to negotiate terms as per their requirements. Not only is that, sporting ties between these two countries has also a good opportunity for the businesses of Australia. Even in case of migration, nearly 64,000 people of Australia are listed their country of birth as Indonesia and among them 39% were Australian citizen (Nethery et al. 2013). This also helps the bus inesses in Australia to recruit workers as per their requirements. Conclusion: It can be observed from the above article that Australia will comparatively suffer more from the collapse of Chinas economy in comparison with Indonesia. It can be observed that Australia greatly relies on China in terms of trade, energy, agriculture as well as education. China is one of the major trade partners of Australia. According to the latest report maximum goods of Australia can enter the Chinese market under the policy of free trade between two countries. Moreover, the nation is also assisted by China in the form of agricultural products as well as energy industry oriented product. It has been also noticed that more number of Australian students are studying in China that in Indonesia. Therefore, it can be easily concluded that collapse of Chinese economy will more affect the Australian economy than collapse of Indonesian economy. References Azam, M., Khan, A.Q., Bakhtyar, B. and Emirullah, C., 2015. The causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in the ASEAN-5 countries.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,47, pp.732-745. Beeson, M. and Lee, W., 2015. The Middle Power Moment: A New Basis for Cooperation between Indonesia and Australia?. InIndonesias Ascent(pp. 224-243). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Carr, A., 2014. Australia-China Relations Post 1949: Sixty Years of Trade and Politics.Pacific Affairs,87(3), pp.563-565. Carr, A., 2016. The Engagement Pendulum: Australias Alternating Approach to Irregular Migration.Journal of Australian Studies,40(3), pp.319-336. Chatfield, A.T., Reddick, C.G. and Brajawidagda, U., 2015. Government surveillance disclosures, bilateral trust and IndonesiaAustralia cross-border security cooperation: Social network analysis of Twitter data.Government Information Quarterly,32(2), pp.118-128. Hale, D., 2014. China's new dream: how will Australia and the world cope with the re-emergence of China as a great power. He, B., 2012. Politics of Accommodation of the Rise of China: the case of Australia.Journal of Contemporary China,21(73), pp.53-70. Larum, J. and Qian, J., 2012. A Long March: The Australia-China Investment Relationship.Sydney: Australia China Business Council. Nethery, A., Rafferty-Brown, B. and Taylor, S., 2013. Exporting detention: Australia-funded immigration detention in Indonesia.Journal of Refugee Studies,26(1), pp.88-109. Peters, E.D., 2013. Recent China-LAC Trade Relations: Implications for Inequality?.Geopolitics, History and International Relations,5(2), p.44. Su, B., Heshmati, A., Geng, Y. and Yu, X., 2013. A review of the circular economy in China: moving from rhetoric to implementation.Journal of Cleaner Production,42, pp.215-227. Wu, H.Q., Shi, Y., Xia, Q. and Zhu, W.D., 2014. Effectiveness of the policy of circular economy in China: A DEA-based analysis for the period of 11th five-year-plan.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,83, pp.163-175.

Strategic Information Enterprise System Management

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Information Enterprise System Management. Answer: Introduction In the late time, there are a few sorts of accounting software are accessible inside the Australia that utilized by the client or customers according to their requirements. For instance, in the Australia, both sorts of clients including individual and business are utilizing diverse sorts of accounting software with a specific end goal to perform bookkeeping and money related undertakings all the more easily. Notwithstanding this, it ought to likewise be noted down that, XERO, Reckon and MYOB are the main accounting software organizations inside the Australia that offers answer for the purchasers that face issues identified with bookkeeping and budgetary capacities. This entire product helps the clients to play out an extensive variety of bookkeeping and money related capacities all the more viably. For case, the clients can beat the issues by sparing time and cash in light of the fact that these are expense and time successful that lessen certain operational extra cost. These bundles are the wellspring of upper hands for the little and huge business clients since they can plan money related exchange or reports/explanations all the more precisely. Accounting Software/Packages It is dissected by Binu, S. and Meenakumari, (2012) that, MYOB, Xero, and Reckon are the major and most broadly utilized accounting software /packages in the country that assume a key part in enhancing the legitimacy and exactness of money related and bookkeeping exchange/information. These permits clients to make spending plan, anticipate current and up and coming installment, make budgetary reports, conquer bookkeeping mistake inside the money related exchanges adequately. In addition, these are likewise utilized as a wellspring of expense and efficient on the grounds that accounting software bring development inside the monetary exchanges and enhance hierarchical basic leadership capacity in a viable and legitimate way. As a wellspring of time and cost sparing, these product are diminishing the association employing and determination cost for the business firms. In addition, these are helping the clients to get advancement and upgrade their present finance framework and make money related and bookkeeping data more significant. Furthermore, these bookkeeping programming are permitting the bookkeeping and additionally money related figures out how to play out their capacities in a more successful and particular way. For case, they can conquer the budgetary/bookkeeping issues those are identified with occupation care, finance, value book and so on. According to Carol, (2009), in the present time, inside the Australian, as contrast with Xero and Reckon, MYOB is one of the biggest organizations in term of no of clients, deals, income and benefit that giving bookkeeping/budgetary arrangements to the business clients as well as person. Additionally, MYOB was built up by the Christopher Lee and his group of designer at Teleware Inc in the year 1980. Information Tech Software was the organization that republished MYOB programming in the year 1997 by going into an agreement with Best Software to buy the association. In the 1999, the Company Data-Tech had changed their name to MYOB restricted that is likewise recorded in the Australian Stock Exchange. In the present time, this is putting forth answers for the clients of their bookkeeping and in addition money related issues. Similarly, the MYOB programming is created and embraced by the clients to beat the issues connected with the finance, charge, work card. The product is additionall y known for ongoing arrangement in the business since this product gives aggressive extensions to the clients in term of velocity, precision, effectiveness. Furthermore, in the perspectives of Daniel, (2011), this additionally helped the business in investigating the general budgetary circumstance in continuous and lessened authoritative issues straightforwardly. Then again, rapid, sparing of time and cost, inspiration of staff, cutting-edge data, diminishment of disappointment and so on are the real functionalities or elements of MYOB accounting software. Alongside this, it ought to likewise be noted down that, MYOB has the biggest organization that has coved more than 70% business sector of the aggregate business that demonstrates organization has wide number of clients. In any case, the clients including business and individual are additionally confronting the issues identified with the working and execution of MYOB. That is to say, clients are confronting a ton of troubles and difficulties in the adjustment of this product. For instance, there are more odds of extortion, dangers since absence of information security. Programmers can undoubtedly hack the imperative data of the customers or clients. Besides, in the perspectives of clients, this is not inviting on the grounds that the client associations require a prepared specialized person. All these are the significant issues identified with the MYOB that confronted by the clients. Foster, Zhao, Raicu, and Lu, (2009), Reckon is likewise the accounting software that is utilized by the business and individual customers inside the Australia. Fundamentally, Reckon Limited was created by the Greg Wilkinson in the year 1987. The originator of the organization has begun offering this Reckon software in UK to Australian business sector. In the year, 1993, the organization was appropriating and republishing its Quicken programming item in the business sector by entering a concurrence with the Intuit. Then again, this organization was established to give extraordinary and dynamic bookkeeping answers for the clients so they can have the capacity to perform bookkeeping and money related exchanges all the more viably. At the same time, it is the most selling accounting software in the Australian market after the MYOB. In the meantime, it is the most offering bookkeeping programming in the Australian business sector after the MYOB. This demonstrates it has more piece of the overall industry in the business by looking at Xero. For case, it has secured more than 18% business sector of the aggregate business in the Australia. Besides, this Reckon programming was produced as ERP arrangement according to clients needs and needs. For case, this is for the most part utilized by the clients those are confronting the issues in their budgetary reports, exchanges and records. Furht, (2010) expressed that, this permits clients to decrease such mistake successfully. For instance, it likewise helps clients to make more viable data connected with the bookkeeping exchanges. It is likewise utilized by the client as a part of their finance framework and employment card. Alongside this, it is likewise examined that, the adjustment and execution procedure of this is more confused on the grounds that it require additional time and talented work force. In addition, it is additionally expensive because of establishment charges. For case, the execution requires gifted individuals to keep up, and bolster the framework. This is the real issue confronted by the clients. Customization, upkeep, preparing cost and so forth are the significant impediment of this product. Then again, Gitman, and McDaniel, (2007), Xero is a New Zealand based software programming organization that gives its bookkeeping and money related answers for the Australian clients. In addition, Xero was built up by the Rod Drury with the assistance of his bookkeeper when they felt that customary desktop accounting software had gotten to be obsolete and chose to make a cutting edge cloud-based item. Notwithstanding this, Xero formally came into the business sector in the year 2006 at Wellington, New Zealand. In the year, 2011, the organization went into the Australian business sector to give cloud based item and programming as an administration (SaaS) model to the clients to conquer the bookkeeping issues. In the Austrian bookkeeping programming industry, it has 12 absolute piece of the pie of the entire business. This product for the most part help the utilizations those experience issues in their store network administration process and stock framework. Essentially, this product helps the associations to beat their store network and stock related issues successfully. It likewise permits the clients to look adequately on their solicitations, bank parities, cost claims and solicitations. Establishment and usage of this product is less demanding as contrast with other programming and give ongoing data to the clients. Be that as it may, this arrangement is constrained in light of the fact that it can't create advantages to the clients for quite a while period. Conclusion In general, it can be condensed that, XERO, MYOB and Reckon are the three noteworthy, driving and quickly developing accounting software supplier organizations in the Australian market that satisfying the bookkeeping and monetary needs of their clients by giving them bookkeeping arrangement in a continuous. In addition, these give the odds of focused extensions to the business clients. Be that as it may, such programming has a few restrictions that making difficult issues in the front of clients. References Binu, S. Meenakumari, J., A Security Framework for an Enterprise System on Cloud. Indian Journal of Computer Science and Engineering (IJCSE), 3(2012), 548-525. Carol, A.G. Recovery Act: As Initial Implementation Unfolds in States and Localities, Continued Attention to Accountability Issues Is Essential. DIANE Publishing, 2009. Chu, F., Chen, K., Cheng, C., Toward green cloud computing. ICUIMC '11 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication, 2011. Daniel, L.E., Digital Forensics for Legal Professionals: Understanding Digital Evidence from the Warrant to the Courtroom. Elsevier, 2011. Foster, I., Zhao, Y., Raicu, L., Lu, S., Cloud Computing and Grid Computing 360-Degree Compared. IEEE, 2009. Furht, B., Handbook of Cloud Computing. Springer, 2010. Gitman, L.J. McDaniel, C.D. The Future of Business: The Essentials: The Essentials. USA: Cengage Learning, 2007. Goel et al., Impact of cloud Computing on ERP implementations in Higher Education, (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 2(2011), 1-10. Griffin, M.P., MBA Fundamentals Accounting and Finance. Kaplan Publishing, 2009. Grossman, T. Livingstone, J. L., The Portable MBA in Finance and Accounting (4th ed.). John Wiley Sons, 2009. Kumar, K., Lu, Y., Cloud computing for mobile users: Can offloading computation save energy?. COMPUTER, 43(2010): 51-56. Monks, R.A.G. Minow, N., Corporate Governance (4th ed.). John Wiley Sons, 2008.

Human Resource Management Growth

Introduction Business expansion is a strategy in which growth is obtained by increasing the numbers of stores and workforce to manage the expansion. Expansion strategy may results in management challenges proper course of action is taken to coordinate the work force.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Human Resource Management Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Skills in personnel management are of great significance to maintain efficiency and effectiveness in such organization (Ahmad Schroeder 2003, p.29). Personnel management includes planning, organization, compensation, integration, training, and maintenance of people for the purpose of contributing to organizational, individual, and societal goals. Personnel management is different from human resource management in that personnel management is regarded as administrative and reactive in nature while human resource is proactive and involves mana gement of work force that contribute to organizational success(Lawler 1999, p.4;). Discussion Tod’s luxury shoes company for example will have to consider increasing its work force as a result of expansion. It is very critical that a business hire qualified and component personnel available for positions in the company. It is however difficult and time consuming to pick the right person for position. The first major steps in personnel management is the process of hiring people for the job (Armstrong 2006, p.26). The executive of the shoes company will have to decide how big the company needs to expand. For example, he will have to decide the number of stores and other establishment needed for his expansion (Ulrich 1997, p. 26). This will enable him to know the key job position needed and their job description. After this, recruitment process may then take place to get the most qualified persons for the position. Recruitment process will involves application by the candidate, selection, and then decision to take the most qualified personnel for the job (Andersen Knudsen 2006, p.6). Organizing The manager at Tod’s luxury shoes company needs to identify all activities that need to be performed. For example, inventory control, sales, marketing, quality control, preparation of accounts and other activities.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The manager should then group related activities into similar department. Relationships are established among various groups to enable smooth interaction toward the achievement of the company’s goal (Womack Jones 1996, p. 77). Training Training and induction of new work force is very essential for performance in SME (small and medium sized enterprises) such as Tod’s luxury shoes company. Study by Carol yeh-yun-lin of National Chengchi University, department of business administratio n, found that training programs were essentials for SME’s to keep pace with larger firms in terms of sustainable competiveness (Tyson Fell 1986, p. 14). Employees training program should be developed to make a smooth induction for the new employees to understand the processes involved in their job description. Orientation should also be done to familiarize new employees with their working environment (Legge 2004, p. 87). Compensation A good compensation package is important to motivate the employees to increase the organizational productivity. The manager of Tod’s luxury shoes company, need to develop a system for motivating employees. The reward systems should be determined if it is to be monitory, non-monitory or both. Salary is apart of the compensation system, the employees have other psychological and self-actualization needs to fulfill. Thus, compensation serves the purpose (Miles, Snow, Meyer Coleman 1978, p. 46). Coordinating and Controlling Coordinating will involve synchronization of individual efforts and departments to achieve organizational goal. Communication channels and feedback mechanism should be well established to provide smooth running of activities. Coordination increase efficiency and decrease wastage of time and resources. Coordinating makes, an organization act as one and this enables it to achieve its goals (Miles 2003, p.87). Control is achieved by setting standard and providing methods of measurement and taking corrective action in case of deviation (Timberman 2005, p. 6). Control is essential for achievement of goal with minimum wastage of resources especially when dealing with new employees.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Human Resource Management Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human resource management in small and medium sized enterprise such as Tod’s Luxury Company is comparatively recent phenomenon and SMEâ€⠄¢s practioneers and managers have largely ignored personnel and HR issues such as training and development, performance management. SMEs have to relate to human resources – particularly staffing issues, and the retention of key employees. Application of Human resource management principles is essential for the growth of a firm (Samuel 1979, p. 58). Role for HRP within Business Strategy HRP (human resource planning) plays a core role in both large and small business entities. It enables the business to strategize ever-dynamic business environment. To SME’s, it prepares the organization for future expansion in terms of human resource and facilities needed (Tuner 2009, p. 35). Problem that may face organization in moving in the next level of growth Problems that may face organization in moving to the next stage in the growth cycle may include both financial and managerial in nature. Hiring more workforce will require finance and other resources to conduct recruitment and training. Managerial challenges of coordinating and organizing the new workforce to fit into the culture of the organization may be difficult to achieve (Vlachos 2009, p. 30). List of References Ahmad, S Schroeder, R G 2003, The impact of human resource management practices on operational performance: recognizing country and industry differences, Journal of Operations Management, vol. 21,pp. 19-43. Armstrong, M 2006, A Handbook of human resource management practice, Kogan Page Publishers, London. Andersen, TJ Knudsen, T 2006, Organizational structure, and strategy processes:  Effective strategy formation under uncertainty. Web.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lawler, E 1999, Linking business strategy, and human resources management. Web. Legge, K 2004, Human resource management: rhetoric’s and realities, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Miles, R 2003, Organizational strategy, structure, and process, Stanford University Press, Stanford. Miles, RE, Snow, CC, Meyer AD Coleman, HJ 1978, Organizational strategy, structure, and process, Stanford University Press, Stanford. Samuel, E1979, Management control, Harvard Business School Press, Boston. Timberman, T 2005, The executive human resources business partner. Web. Tuner, R 2009, The handbook of project-based management: leading strategic change, Prentice Hall, New York. Tyson, S Fell, A 1986, Evaluating the personnel function, Hutchinson Education. Ulrich, D 1997, Human resource champions: the next agenda for adding value and delivering results, Harvard Business School Press, Boston. Vlachos, I 2009, The effects of human resource practices on firm growth, Int. Journal of Business Sc ience and Applied Management, vol.4, no.2, pp.1-19. Womack, JP Jones, DT 1996, Lean thinking: Banish waste and create wealth in your corporation, Simon Schuster, New York. This critical writing on Human Resource Management Growth was written and submitted by user Kimora Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Chinas means of Travel essays

China's means of Travel essays Travel was a means for China to go far along trade routes. The Han emperors expanded Chinese territorial taking the responsibility between China and Eurasia, due to the Silk routes. Transportation was made after findings of textural evidence in China historical records around "90 BC." 1 Through the Chinese inventions, the paper helped China transform the world as Silk Road was beginning to take flourish. The invention of paper stimulated further inventions such as the parachute, printings, water wheel, rudder, and the balloon for travel. These inventions only helped and rapidly spread across the entire and along the Silk Road. "The Silk Road which pioneered during the mid-1st millennium BCE, used as an established trade route, used for long distance travel, trade, and movements of populations." 2 The parachute was first used by the emperor Shun's son who had been fleeing his father who wanted to kill him. The son was tying straw hats together to jump using the straw hats as a parachute. As per Neeham mentions in his book, there brings a medieval mention of the parachutes use. Apparently, the Chinese were witnessed by a report of a visitor to Thailand, who witnessed its use by the Chinese. Another form of travel became obvious and later was adopted by the Europeans, was the rudder from the Chinese. "There ships had to use oars for there trips and it was very impossible for the long journeys and as a result, the adoption of the nautical technology came into play."3 This nautical rudder helped advance travel on the seas and trade routes over land. Additionally, people use astrology to follow the stars to get from one point to the next throughout the Chinese voyages of discovery. The Chinese used the huge ships with enormous rudders to conducts their trades with Phillipines and Indonesia and Eastern coast of Africa. By the end of the second century BC, the Chinese were making balloons from eggshells ...

Project and operations management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Project and operations management - Essay Example Several external factors however are of concern when it comes to developing new products for the company (The Times 100, 1995). Such factors may include the need to develop low carbon products, increasing energy security and addressing the impacts on global warming. The research and development for the company operates on a model of push and pull where airs out to manufacturers their new developments so as to drive new technological innovations and the pull where the focus shifts towards market demands; what their customers want. The company’s major challenge is mainly technical or economic. With increasing complexity in technology, then the more people are needed by the company to overcome this challenge (The Times 100, 1995). But it has proved to be another challenge for the company to recruit more skilled workers that will be able to remain competent and enable ARM maintains its position in the market. Executive summary A project is typically a collaborative enterprise (Blu m, 1986). It usually involves research that is conducted frequently, involving a carefully planned research design that sets to achieve a given aim. Projects are social systems within organizations that are constituted by teams to accomplish given tasks within a given period of time (Spottydog, 2003). A project is usually conducted by school going and university students or by organizations. For school going students it may require the students to undertake fact finding and analysis from either secondary sources of information or from empirically gathering data (Yuan-Yi, 2001). The final output is usually in the form of a dissertation. The dissertation will contain sections of the whole projects inception, inquiry methods analysis, finding conclusions and most at times would require them to make suitable recommendations (Konecny, 2006). On the other hand for organizations it will consist of a temporary task that is undertaken in order to create products that are unique and satisfact ory services many at times in pursuit of satisfying the growing and changing demands of consumers such as the case of ARM mentioned above. (Morris Peter, 2007). Therefore the objectives of the given project will determine the target status at the end of the whole project. This will be necessary to achieve the planned benefits or the aims of the project. For example, in many countries engineering projects are specifically defined by legislation and requires that any engineering project should be carried out by only the registered engineers and companies for constructing buildings, industrial facilities, and transportation of infrastructure and such like other duties (Pinto, 2001). In such cases the project scope will be well defined within a contract from owners of the project and the engineering and construction companies. This kind of project has two major phases which are design and construction. Design phase involves drawing and calculations and the next which is the final phase will be to send the project plan to a developer who will do the construction work (Archibald, 1992). Project Brief A project in its self if a process and any process usually involves a set of interrelated actions and activities that have to be carried out in order to achieve a pre-specified result or services. The

Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House - Assignment Example However, there is no direct reference to A Doll's House in the obituary material. In the Wikipedia entry, only one statement directly refers to the play. However, these two last sources could still be useful as relevant, though indirect materials to aid a student doing a research paper on A Doll's House to shed light on how influences and Ibsen's life background contributed to his writing of the particular play in study. According to the Britannica article on Henrik Ibsen, the "proper voice" of the Norwegian playwright came with the writing of A Doll's House in 1879 (par. 10). In the succeeding three paragraphs of the article, the characters, the plot, the technique used by Ibsen as well as the reaction of audiences towards the play are discussed (par. 11-13). Paragraph 11 tells about the characters and the plot of the play - Torvald Helmer and his wife Nora, with their three children and how a secret of Nora would unravel that would pave the way for revealing the true character of the people in the play.

The science of Emotions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The science of Emotions - Essay Example When it comes to scientific research emotions are divided into multiple dimensions such as behavioral, physiological, subjective and cognitive. According experts deeds, ideas, emotions and physiological states are the four components of human behavior. Idea and deed can be chosen independently but emotions and physiological states cannot be chosen independently. Limbic system is a part of the brain that controls the behavior of human beings that are essential in our lives, like smelling, laughter, hunger, anger, finding food, etc. Limbic system is located beneath the cerebral cortex and is constituted of network of structures. Some scientific research has provided proof that some of the evolutionary structures found in the limbic systems can be traced some ancient animals such as the alligator. It has been found that the limbic system in alligator plays an important role in smelling, defending territory, hunting and eating prey. A- Corpus callosum, B- Olfactory tract, C- Mammillary bodies, D- Fornix, E- Anterior thalamic nuclei, F- Amygdala, G- Hippocampus, H- Parahippocampal gyrus, I- Cingulate gyrus and J- Hypothalamic nuclei constitute the parts of the limbic system. Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain (Wikipedia). Modules of the cingulated gyrus are main reason behind human emotion of love that had evolved from paleocircuits of the mammalian brain. These help in expressing emotions like care, feeding and grooming of offspring. Cortical circuits help in speech, which were evolved millions of years after paleocircuits for bodily expressions was configured. Amygdala is of small almond shaped structure that is located deep inside the brain and hippocampus which is tiny, sea horse shaped structure are found to be the main areas that are involved with emotional actions and reactions. The medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus is connected to amygdala, which in turn is connected to hippocampus. These connections are very important for expressing emotional feelings and have an important role to play to in mediating and controlling the major activities like friendship, love, affection, caring and expressions on different moods. The median of hypothalamus plays an important role and has been a major contributor in producing a loud and uncontrollable laughter. 2. The present world is full of energy and moving ahead with an incredible pace. Due to the developments in every sector for example in communications, marketing, construction, etc., human standards of living have reached a new high. Due to emotional development and having a balanced control over our feelings we are able to fight against all the odds and are succeeding in most of the departments. Human expression plays an important role in dealing with business activities and public relations. A candidate attending an interview will be analyzed more

Effect of Reader Schemes and Initiatives on Child Reading

Effect of Reader Schemes and Initiatives on Child Reading Investigate whether the Accelerated Reader Scheme and Star Reader Test has a positive effect on a child’s reading achievement. Abstract An evaluation carried out in a primary school on the implementation of the Accelerated Reader Scheme demonstrates its efficacy in improving reading scores and reading ages for students who are less able readers. The literature review shows that while there is limited evidence on the scheme itself, which is derived from American schools settings, there is evidence which shows that similar schemes, which are targeted on reading development, and also schemes which integrate ongoing support and feedback (either personal or ICT based) are effective in supporting those who are falling behind national literacy standards. However, this study, which utilises marks and reading scores to evaluate the scheme, is limited in its applicability and in the usefulness of its findings. More research is needed into the underlying cultures and pedagogies which affect such reading interventions, and more depth and detail of pupil attitudes and responses are required to understand how such programmes affec t student achievement in reading and in the longer term. Introduction Children’s reading development is a key feature of overall literacy in the primary age group, and as such is subject to considerable governmental governance and input. Achieving standardised levels of literacy is seen as important in ensuring children reach developmental and cognitive milestones, and are properly prepared for secondary school when they move into this phase of their education. However, there are a number of challenges to supporting children to read, because even though this is a key element of their learning, children are often lacking in enthusiasm or confidence about reading, and do not take well to reading for pleasure. Similarly, school resources often mean that support for reading is less than optimal, particularly if teachers do not have enough time to devote to listening to children read and providing them with feedback and guidance. This dissertation describes an evaluation of a new approach to improving literacy in a chosen age group within a primary education setting: the Accelerated Reader Scheme, which includes the Star Reader Test. This scheme uses computer-based resources to encourage children to read. Children take the Star Reader test, are assigned a ‘reading age’, and then are pointed to books associated with that reading age within the school library. Children read the books and then take comprehension tests, which demonstrate their level of learning and their progress. Students can access the website at Think.com to chart their progress and see their own attainment. The scheme originated in America, where its success within primary age schools was demonstrated, and has since been adopted in a number of schools in the United Kingdom. There is some literature to cite the benefits of the Accelerated Reader scheme, and a lot of examples of websites, weblogs and feedback demonstrating enthusia stic approaches to it in certain schools and locations. This dissertation shows an evaluation of this scheme in one school setting in a socio-economically deprived area, and contains primary data on the implementation and effects of the scheme. A critical review of the literature was carried out, to explore the context of the scheme and its place within the pedagogy and practice of primary education within this country. The discussion of the scheme and its results takes into account current theory, and concludes with recommendations for future research and practice. A summary judgement of the efficacy of the scheme is included. The evaluation is based on reading result scores as discussed in the findings sections, and indicates where the scheme has been effective, and where findings were found to be other than those anticipated. The conclusions make recommendations for future research surrounding this intervention, and also explore some of the drawbacks of using such an approach. Literature Review Search Strategy A critical review of the available literature was carried out, in order to set the context of the study and evaluation, and to explore the current state of theory and practice. A literature search was first carried out, in order to identify the pertinent literature which could be used to inform the study. In order to do this, the author first carried out a ‘thought shower’ in order to identify key terms to be used as search words and search word combinations, then used these to search the literature, shortlist articles by abstract, and then select full text articles for reading and review. The Critical Review The changing nature of education, particularly within the state-funded sector, is such that there are emergent issues around the ways in which educational goals are defined and set, and the context of education[1]. However, the concern of this dissertation is the effectiveness of interventions in relation to supporting reading competence in primary schools, and so the focus of the literature review is on reading competence, reading interventions, and factors which might affect reading and the success of such interventions. It was decided to take a broader approach to the literature review because there were very few primary studies which directly assessed Accelerated Reader itself, and therefore the understanding of the current theoretical and practical context needed to be explored in terms of this type of approach to reading competence. The literature demonstrates that there are many factors which may affect children’s reading abilities and progress[2], not all of which are necessarily to do with the child’s cognitive or other abilities[3]. Understanding these factors may be important in understanding the kinds of schemes and programmes which might support reading progress in all children[4]. This review does not specifically address children with Special Educational Needs but does make some mention of them in relation to inclusive schools practices. Although published data presented by governmental and other official sources suggests that there have been significant improvements in reading and literacy overall in children in primary education, there are other authors who argue that this is not the case, and the tests and measured used have been ‘advantageously designed’ to reflect better on the current ruling party and its policies[5]. While standards may be improving, it is suggested tha t these improvements are not as significant as they are claimed to be[6], [7], and that recording and testing processes are sufficiently biased to warrant an independent body being set up to monitor standards[8]. The introduction of the National Literacy Strategy may have something to do with changing responses to reading and even changing attitudes to reading, but this does not mean that the responses are overwhelmingly positive. One study suggests that the ways that children interact with reading and with books, and their attitudes towards books, are much more complex than the official guidelines and strategies might suggest[9]. This study was a questionnaire study with a sample of 5076 pupils in Years 4 and 6, and found that attitudes towards reading, while generally positive, did appear to decline between the younger and older of the sampled age groups[10]. Of the overall sample, it seems sub-sample of 2364 of these pupils were actually in the same schools where the same questionnaire had been implemented previously, in 1998, and it was found from comparison of these two incidences that â€Å"enjoyment of reading had significantly fallen over the five years, whilst confidence as readers had significantly increased over the same period†[11]. It may be that these changes may have something to do with the introduction of the National Literacy Strategy, but it is argued that other, less popular explanations are also possible for this change, including differences in social life and differences in children’s exposure to other media and other forms of entertainment[12]. What is interesting about this study is that children were enjoying reading less, but had more confidence in reading. This might reflect the outcomes based type of education that is now very much the standard with the UK context, and to this author, also reflects the fact that reading literacy is very much related to competence rather than true enjoyment of texts and of wider opportunities for reading. This might also represent a restriction of students to only reading ‘set’ books or texts, perhaps, which would possibly limit enjoyment and pleasure in reading. Strategies towards improving literacy have taken many forms, but on significant change has been the use of classroom assistants, who specifically target reading and other deficits in children in general classroom settings. Interventions to provide extra support through classroom assistants have been shown to improve standards at Key Stage 1 testing[13]. However, studies such as these on meeting national standards in literacy do not address the wider and more complex issues around reading and engagement of students, and around the pedagogy of literacy teaching and the limitations of having standards based education rather than supportive education that encourages children to realise their own potential. Other studies, such as one carried out recently in Ireland, show that specific programmes, such as the Reading Recovery programme, can be efficacious in improving standards[14], but more work needs to be done on evaluating what is described as the ‘depth’ of such approache s, meaning how they really affect student-teacher interactions and quality of experience[15],[16]. Earl and Maynard explore one potential issue in relation to reading progress and proficiency, the ‘reluctant reader’, looking at what makes children behave in this way[17]. They examined the underlying reasons for children to develop a negative relationship with reading, and the possible resulting attitudes that they may develop towards it, and found that while the majority of children claimed to enjoy reading, in actuality, they found reading difficult, and subsequent investigation indicated that these children were not confident n their reading abilities[18]. The study showed that self-efficacy and a sense of autonomy were potential features of improving these responses to reading[19]. Earl and Maynard conclude that reluctant readers should be offered the opportunity to take responsibility for their own reading practice and development, to allow them to learn for themselves the value of reading[20]. â€Å"It was also discovered that it is vital that the childs parents /carers1 are involved with helping to tackle their childrens reluctance to read. Parental input is crucial to a childs education; if this input is provided at an early stage, then reluctance to read is more likely to be successfully overcome and may even offer prevention as well as cure† (p 163)[21]. There is some research to suggest that teachers are one of the important factors affecting student outcomes in literacy[22]. This is not just to do with their ability to use teaching skill in literacy development, but to do with other features of teaching practice. †It is teachers’ expectations, their enacted curriculum, their classroom talk, their relations to young people and their actual ways of inducting them into specific textual practices that most affect literacy outcomes.[23] This would suggest that while there may be specifics of educational practice, and pupil response or individual ability, there can be things to do with teachers themselves that are as important as paying attention to reading ability. In a study by Wilkinsonit was found that teachers used theory effectively to improve the literacy outcomes of students in eight disadvantaged South Australian schools[24]. â€Å"Teachers constructing and using theory to enhance their agency emerged as one of the key factors that made a difference to student outcomes†, which can be viewed as teachers using theory to underpin their actions, and achieving positive effect[25]. It would seem from this study, that â€Å"teacher quality is predicated on teacher knowledge, particularly theoretical knowledge†[26]. However, this study was carried out in Australia, within a different cultural, pedagogical and policy context, and as such would have to be replicated within a UK context to be fully transf erable. Fisher also suggests that there are features of teachers and teaching practice which may affect reading activities and reading attainment[27]. He also suggests that despite a growing awareness and understand of sociocultural nature of language and classrooms, teachers and theorists are continuing to argue for more frequent and extended opportunities for teacher-pupil exchanges and discussions about texts, and more reciprocity in teacher-child dialogue in relation to reading and exploring texts and books[28]. Fisher (suggests that there are studies of classroom teaching practice and activities which demonstrate the continued use of triadic dialogue, in which the teacher predominantly controls the nature and length of any interaction, and effectively closes down discussion rather than encouraging more free exploration and debate[29]. This would seem to indicate that there is more to students developing reading skills and engaging with reading than simple pedagogical practices and activ ities, and much of the work around reading is still functional rather than philosophical. However, it may be that these findings simply reflect the realities of classroom practice, with deliberate control over discussions because of the need to maintain good discipline and achieve the prescribed tasks and goals of the teaching at that point. Certainly a classroom which encouraged more free debate and interaction with teachers could be viewed by some traditionalists as one in which discipline would be harder to maintain. And because of the kinds of limitations on resources, some ideal ways of addressing reading skill might not be practical. A study by Downer (2007) shows that one to one, targeted reading and literacy support, provided by teaching assistants, could be efficacious in improving the reading abilities of pupils who were falling behind literacy standards[30]. The study showed that as little as four minutes one to one support each day could make a difference[31]. However, this study is about supporting children identified as having fallen significantly behind their peers and the natioanl standards for their developmental age, and might require resources that are simply not available in the majority of state schools. It also has the disadvantage of singling out the students who are demonstrating slower progress and development in reading, which is not necessarily a good thing because it highlights the difference between them and their peers. Yet it does highlight the potential value of providing targeted reading support, perhaps even 1 to 1 support, in supporting children’s reading. Hatcher et al (2005) report a randomised controlled trial which evaluated the effectiveness of an intervention for reading-delayed children in Year-1 classes[32]. In this, a sample of 7 children from 14 different schools, children identified as having the poorest reading ability, were randomly allocated to either of the two groups, and the 20 intervention group received the programme for two times ten weeks, the second group only for the second ten weeks[33]. This was a small group programme, providing daily sessions of around twenty minutes, comprising small group and individual teaching[34]. In this study, the children who received the programme during the first ten weeks made markedly more progress on outcome literacy measures, but the children who received the programme in the second 10 week period seemed to catch up with the first group[35]. This programme, as with that described by Downer (2007), used trained teaching assistants, and found it was effective for children who show ed reading delays, although around a quarter of children did not respond to the intervention[36]. Again, this is an intervention which singles out those with less ability and provides specialist input, but it does not really address the notion of reading as a whole within the primary classroom, and, as with the previous study, singles out the poor achievers. This is no surprise, as it really reflects the predominant ideologies of national strategies for literacy[37]. There are a number of ways of targeting literacy, especially in poor achievers. Bunn (2008) reports a study which compared the progress in reading and spelling of 256 children in eleven classes in nine primary schools in England, located in years 3 and 4, and a partially overlapping sample of 126 children who received additional help with literacy during a single year[38]. In this study, teachers and teaching assistants implemented either Additional Literacy Support (ALS), which is a highly structured programme of small group teaching activities and materials, developed by the English National Literacy Strategy, or they used a broad range of other materials and approaches, including other published intervention programmes, reading scheme-based, computer-based and individually designed interventions, alone or in combination with ALS[39]. A strength of this study is that the researchers explored the influence of a broad range of contextual factors, especially whether childrens qualitie s, school factors such as socio-economic status and class size, and delivery differences made any marked differences to the results of the different interventions in relation to reading ability[40]. The design of the study was a naturalistic quasi-experimental design, and the author found ALS was marginally more effective than other interventions in the majority of the classes studies, however, the authors also found limitations in their ability to ‘catch up’ to their peers, and found little difference in attainment in relation to individual factors[41]. Another study demonstrates a targeted, home-based intervention that can be good at supporting literacy in children identified as being at risk of developing reading problems[42]. This was the Literacy Early Action Project, which is described as a home-visiting scheme for these children, carried out by teaching assistants, which involved parents and grandparents[43]. The study of this intervention identified five key factors which supported the child’s progress: â€Å"the flexibility in the teaching assistants approach that enabled extended family members to become engaged in literacy support; the teaching assistants sensitivity to family culture; the playful approach to learning adopted by the teaching assistant; putting the child at the centre of the intervention; and the existence of a school culture that strongly promoted involvement for parents†[44]. What this shows is that not only do certain children need more support than is available in current school settings, but that the individual needs and attributes of the child are important in achieving reading standards. The nature of the intervention, therefore, must be something that would be responsive and sensitive to individual children. Most literacy support programmes, particularly those for under-achievers, are based on phoneme-oriented strategies[45]. Authors of one study suggest that training in phoneme awareness and letter-sound knowledge is a fundamental part of effective interventions for poor reading in the context of reading books in particular, and evaluate the UK Early Literacy Support (ELS) programme[46]. Again, this is a study on children who were already identified as poor readers, and found that this programme offered a cost effective method of boosting 6-year-old childrens reading to an average level[47]. However, it does not address the idea of improving attitudes towards reading, rather, it focused on functional reading skill. A similar study explored why students did not respond well to phoneme-based reading support, and showed that other factors, such as letter knowledge and vocabulary were important in attaining reading competence[48]. This study also fails to address issues in the nature of the reading materials that may affect children’s responses to reading activities. Technological advances and the rapid development of information and communications technologies within the leisure as well as the educational sector an have effects on and provide insight into different ways of supporting reading skill development for children. Wood reports a small scale study of beginning readers using a form of ‘talking books’ software, compared to adult teaching support, using the same books in paper versions[49]. The authors found that â€Å"there were no significant differences between the two groups in their phonological awareness attainment, with both groups showing equivalent gains from pre- to post-test. Use of specific features of the software was associated with gains in rhyme detection ability and with changes in the childrens reading strategies†[50]. While this is a small study with a limited sample, and limited transferability, it does show that children might interact slightly differently with ICT-based reading interventions, perhap s due to differences in autonomy and engagement with reading materials, although more research is definitely needed into what features of the ICT-based reading activities are most effective. Another study describes the evaluation of a parent delivered, computer based beginning reading program[51]. â€Å"Statistically significant treatment effects were found for Kindergarten students in the intervention group on letter-sound fluency, oral reading fluency, non-word decoding, and phonemic awareness skills. Grade 1 students in the intervention group demonstrated significant improvement over time on letter-sound fluency, letter-name knowledge, non-word decoding and oral reading fluency; however, these improvements were not significantly greater than those for the Grade 1 comparison group†[52]. This study was implemented in pupils across the ability range, but the authors also concluded that it might be a very useful intervention for students more at risk of poor achievement in reading and literacy[53]. It is interesting that this computer-based intervention was particularly targeted at reception and year one age students, and this author would raise the question of how well different reading programmes meet the needs of different ages. Also, it would have been good to have more detail about the computer based programme and its components. This may be a feature of these kinds of studies, that they do not really look at what it is about the programme that attracts students or engages them. Another study outlines the use of computer software to identify reading problems and propose ways of addressing these. This is in the form of an adaptive assessment named the Interactive Computerised Assessment System (InCAS), and can be used with children of a wide age range and differing levels of ability, in order to identify specific reading problems[54]. There are different potential formats of feedback to teachers, but overall the feedback provided also indicates how children need to improve[55]. Such programmes may be very useful but it is difficult to see how they can improve on good teacher-student interaction, and whether or not they would help to reduce the major challenges of managing the teaching workload to improve literacy. While it is unsurprising that the programme is aimed at addressing specific reading problems, it also underlines the ongoing theoretical and pedagogical orientation towards eliminating problems rather than enhancing students’ reading experien ce, engagement and enjoyment. However, there is research which shows that reading can be enhanced by ICT-type reading tools and activities[56]. Reading is important for many reasons, not just for the child’s ability to carry out the increasingly difficult tasks which concur with their progress through school[57]. Wallace (2008) shows how literacy an identity are strongly linked within the minds and behaviours of children, and how reading can help them to build links and connections between the childrens diverse personal histories and the texts and practices validated by school[58]. Supporting the development of reading literacy, and also engagement with reading as an activity in itself, may be a more important feature of primary schooling than is suggested by government guidance[59] and by teaching practice and pedagogy. It may, perhaps, be more than a functional skill. There are also some differences found within primary education between the genders[60],[61], [62], and between reading fiction and non fiction independently[63]. Boys tend to be of lower reading ability than girls, [64], [65], and although they may read marginally more non-fiction than fiction, they appear to do this less carefully and with less skill[66]. A mixed methods, but primarily ethnographic study in the North of England found that there were two different discourses around reading, both of which were gendered: â€Å"Two main differently gendered discourses about reading were encountered. The one discourse, dominant in the ‘working class’ classroom, was strongly gendered and afforded reading low status. The other discourse encountered in the ‘middle class’ classroom was gender-inclusive and reading carried high status. It is argued that the interaction between social class and gender is important in understanding children’s discourse about reading.†[67] This seems to show that reading ability is based upon a much more complex interaction of factors than simply the child interacting with the set activities, and being defined as a reading ‘age’ regardless of other features of their life, personality and attitudes. The study also demonstrates the ways in which class and social context affect perceptions of reading and reinforce gender differences in literacy and attainment at this early educational level. How much any reading intervention or teaching approach to redress this balance is debateable. Other research appears to demonstrate that the idea of encouraging reading for pleasure, rather than for necessity[68], is not really a part of current pedagogy and classroom practice[69], [70]. In a study of secondary schools in the south of England, it was found that because of a lack of time and absence of demand for wider reading in the English curriculum, teachers expressed ambivalence about encouraging and assessing wider reading, and teachers with less experience expressed uncertainty about how to introduce and encourage this[71]. Interestingly, it was also found that â€Å"where teachers did initiate wider reading, this was sometimes against departmental practice, a semi-illicit addition to their workload and could thus be seen almost as a form of bootlegging† [72]. This study places emphasis on the need for school children to learn to read widely rather than just because they have to, but also shows that the current approach to reading and literacy is prohibitive rath er than encouraging[73]. It would seem that current pedagogical and classroom cultures are limiting the opportunities for children to develop as individuals, in their own ways, and to engage in individual ways with reading[74], making their own choices[75]. The Accelerated Reader programme appears to increase self-efficacy and motivation in primary students[76], but the evidence for this is limited and is based on American schools, which have a different culture to the UK. However, the interactive, ICT based nature of the programme makes it attractive to the current primary education context, particularly in enhancing cross-curricular knowledge development. The Evaluation The Accelerated Reader Scheme was implemented in three classes, years 3, 4 and 5 in a primary school in an urban, deprived area. The aim was to improve reading scores, using the scheme to support students to engage more with their own reading activities and progress. It is well known that attainment levels suffer in schools with a high proportion of children who are subject to socio-economic deprivation[77]. The Accelerated Reader Programme has been implemented with some success in a range of schools in the

The Sun Essay -- Sun Solar Power Solar System Essays

The Sun   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sun is the largest object in the solar system. It is a middle-sized star and there are many other stars out in the universe just like it. Even though it is only a middle-sized star it is large enough to hold over 1 million Earth’s inside if it were hollow. The temperature on the sun is far too much for any living thing to bear. On the surface it is 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit and the core is a stunning 27,000,000 degrees Fahrenheit. But don’t worry we are over 90,000 million miles away, the sun could never reach us, at least not yet. The sun is a still a middle aged star and later in its life it will become a Red Giant. In this stage it will get bigger, and closer to us causing a temperature increase and most likely the end of the world as we know it, but this will not take place for quite some time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But the sun is not our enemy, if it weren’t for that big ball of burning gas there would be no life on this planet at all. We need its heat, its light, and its energy. Without these our planet would be frozen over like a big ice cube and there would be no signs or traces of life ever. In total amount the sun provides about 2 pounds of energy to us every day. Yes, that’s right only 2 pounds. The sun evaporates water from the earth’s lakes, streams, and rivers. It also heats the earth and cools the earth at the same time. Without the Earth’s atmosphere to protect us from the sun’s ultraviolet rays we would be toast. This is kind of how the greenhouse effect takes place. The greenhouse effect is when the atmosphere of the earth traps heat from the sun and lets sunlight heat plants, yet prevents much of the heat from getting out. In a similar way, the atmosphere lets sunlight through to the surface of the earth. The sunlight warms th e earth, but the heat that created cannot easily pass back through the atmosphere into space.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now what is going on in the sun? When we look up we just see a bright object that makes us warm, sometimes gives us sunburn and gives us light, on the contrary. The sun is a mass of incandescent gas, a gigantic nuclear furnace where hydrogen is built into helium at a temperature of millions of degrees. The sun is so hot that everything on it is a gas. About 75% of the sun is made up of hydrogen, about 23% is helium and the remaining percent consist of iron, copper, aluminum, and about 70 more elements that are comm... ... as Stonehenge, to see the suns shadow and tell the time of day. Ancient people also used the sun to tell directions, they knew that it rose in the east and set in the west everyday, and that one whole day was the time it took the sun to get from one edge of the horizon to the other. Ancient calendars were based on the phases of the moon. The phases occur because sunlight reflected by the moon is seen from different angles as the moon circles the earth. Even today the sun has an important role in surveying and navigating people. Surveyors can use the sun to calculate their own position and other positions on the earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Well, that about does it as a summary for the sun. Even though this essay may have brought out some true facts about the sun there is still much more to know about the sun. Some stuff we don’t even know about the sun and may never know, but what we do know is good. We know that it is the largest object in the solar system, it is the size of 1 million earth’s and it hotter than 27,000,000 in the core, now that’s cooking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bibliography 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The World Book Encyclopedia, â€Å"sun† Robert W. Noyes 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why the sun shines 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Science Book

Maldives-a paradise on earth Essay

The Republic of Maldives consists of 1,190 islands (fewer than 200 are inhabited) in the Indian Ocean, southwest of Sri Lanka. The Maldives has a population of 270,000, of which about 70,000 reside in Male, the capital city. Beautiful atolls, inhabited by over 1,100 species of fish and other sea life, attract thousands of visitors each year. Tourism facilities are well developed on the resort islands. The Tsunami of December 26, 2004 caused some damage to several hotels and facilities on some of the islands. Most of the tourism infrastructure remains intact. Travelers planning to visit the Maldives should consult with travel agencies or the Maldivian Tourist Board to ensure their itineraries take this event into consideration. Read the Department of State Background Notes on Maldives for additional information. ENTRY/EXIT REQUIREMENTS: A valid passport, along with an onward/return ticket and sufficient funds, is required for entry. A no-cost visitor visa valid for thirty days is issued upon arrival. The Department of Immigration and Emigration routinely approves requests for extension of stays up to ninety days for travelers who present evidence of sufficient funds and who stay in a resort or hotel or present a letter from a local sponsor. Anyone staying over sixty days without proper authorization faces heavy fines and deportation. All visitors departing the Republic of the Maldives (except diplomats and certain exempted travelers) must pay an airport departure tax. Travelers need a yellow fever immunization if they are arriving from an infected area. Arrival by private boat: Travelers arriving by private yacht or boat are granted no-cost visas, usually valid until the expected date of departure. Vessels anchoring in atolls other than Male must have prior clearance through agents in Male. Maldivian customs, police and/or representatives of Maldivian immigration will meet all vessels, regardless of where they anchor. Vessels arriving with a dog on board will be permitted anchorage, but the dog will not be allowed off the vessel. Any firearms or ammunition on board will be held for bond until the vessel’s departure. Specific inquiries should be addressed to the Maldives High Commission in  Colombo, Sri Lanka at No. 24, Melbourne Avenue, Colombo 4, telephone (94) (11) 2580076/2586762/2500943, or the Maldives Mission to the U.N. in New York, telephone (212) 599-6194. See our Foreign Entry Requirements brochure for more information on the Maldives and other countries. Visit the website of the Maldives Permanent Mission to the United Nations at http://www.un.int/maldives/ for the most current visa information. Find more information about Entry and Exit Requirements pertaining to dual nationality and the prevention of international child abduction. Please refer to our Customs Information to learn more about customs regulations. SAFETY AND SECURITY: For the latest security information, Americans traveling abroad should regularly monitor the Department’s Internet web site at http://travel.state.gov where the current Travel Warnings and Public Announcements, including the Worldwide Caution Public Announcement, can be found. Up-to-date information on safety and security can also be obtained by calling 1-888-407-4747 toll free in the U.S., or for callers outside the U.S. and Canada, a regular toll-line at 1-202-501-4444. These numbers are available from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time, Monday through Friday (except U.S. federal holidays). The Department of State urges American citizens to take responsibility for their own personal security while traveling overseas. For general information about appropriate measures travelers can take to protect themselves in an overseas environment, see the Department of State’s pamphlet A Safe Trip Abroad. CRIME: The Maldives has a low crime rate, but thefts of valuables left unattended on beaches or in hotels does occur. INFORMATION FOR VICTIMS OF CRIME: The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport  should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. If you are the victim of a crime while overseas, in addition to reporting to local police, please contact the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate for assistance. The Embassy/Consulate staff can, for example, assist you to find appropriate medical care, contact family members or friends and explain how funds could be transferred. Although the investigation and prosecution of the crime is solely the responsibility of local authorities, consular officers can help you to understand the local criminal justice process and to find an attorney if needed. See our information on Victims of Crime. MEDICAL FACILITIES AND HEALTH INFORMATION: The Maldives has limited medical facilities. There are two hospitals in Male: the government-owned Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital (IGM) and the privately-owned Abduarahman Don Kaleyfan Hospital (ADK). ADK accepts some insurance plans, but IGM does not. The hospitals perform general, orthopedic and neurosurgery, but the Maldives has no trauma units, and spinal surgery is not available. Persons needing treatments not offered in the Maldives require evacuation to the nearest adequate medical facility, such as in Singapore. Two recompression chambers are available in the Maldives. One is on Bandos Island (fifteen minutes by speedboat from Male) and the other is in Kuramathi (one hour by speed boat and about twenty minutes by air taxi from Male.) Information on vaccinations and other health precautions, such as safe food and water precautions and insect bite protection, may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s hotline for international travelers at 1-877-FYI-TRIP (1-877-394-8747); fax 1-888-CDC-FAXX (1-888-232-3299), or via the CDC’s Internet site at http://www.cdc.gov/travel. For information about outbreaks of infectious diseases abroad consult the World Health Organization’s (WHO) website at http://www.who.int/en. Further health information for travelers is available at http://www.who.int/ith. MEDICAL INSURANCE: The Department of State strongly urges Americans to consult with their medical insurance company prior to traveling abroad to confirm whether their policy applies overseas and whether it will cover emergency expenses such as a medical evacuation. Please see our information on medical insurance overseas. TRAFFIC SAFETY AND ROAD CONDITIONS: While in a foreign country, U.S. citizens may encounter road conditions that differ significantly from those in the United States. The information below concerning the Maldives is provided for general reference only, and may not be totally accurate in a particular location or circumstance. Only a few of the islands are big enough to support automobiles. Most transportation in the Maldives is by boat or seaplane (air taxi). The Maldives has good safety standards for land, sea, and air travel. Roads in Male and on the airport island are brick and generally well maintained. Dirt roads on resort islands are well kept by the resorts. Transportation on the small island on which the capital, Male, is situated is either by foot or by readily-available taxis. Transportation between the airport and Male, as well as to nearby resort islands, is by motorized water taxi and speedboat. Several local companies provide seaplane and helicopter service to outlying islands. Air taxis stop flying one hour before sunset, and several resorts do not transport passengers by boat between the airport and the resort island later than one hour before sunset. Visitors to distant resorts arriving in the country at night can expect to stay overnight at a hotel in Male or at the airport hotel and should confirm transfer arrangements in advance. SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES: Religious Laws: Public observance of any religion other than Islam is prohibited. Religious gatherings such as Bible study groups are prohibited; however, a family unit may practice its religion, including Bible readings, within its residence. It is against the law to invite or encourage Maldivian  citizens to attend these gatherings. Offenders may face jail sentences, expulsion and/or fines. In the past, several non-Maldivian families resident in the Maldives, including some Americans, were expelled for allegedly engaging in religious proselytizing. Although Maldivian law prohibits importing â€Å"idols for religious worship,† tourists traveling to the resort islands are generally allowed to bring in items and texts used for personal religious observances. Currency: Credit cards are increasingly accepted outside large hotels and resorts; cash payment in dollars is accepted at most retail shops and restaurants and by taxi drivers.

Intro To Justice Administration Example

Intro To Justice Administration Example Intro To Justice Administration – Coursework Example Introduction to criminal justice United s has established various s that have been given the man to deal with crime. These institutions have been given different roles and responsibilities to address crime. Some of the agencies with defined responsibilities are the police and judicial. The security personnel in this case have a jurisdiction to stop operations of train services till the security issue is addressed. The passengers who saw the masked person who dropped the package should record statements will the police to help them in investigations. After the police do some investigations, they can arrest the suspects and detain them before they are taken to court. (Bohm & Haley, 2011).The court is another agency of jurisdiction. The court has the jurisdiction of making judgments when the suspects are brought before the judges. The judges can grant a bail or deny bail requests. If there is enough evidence that the suspects were involved in this terror act, the judges can make judgmen t and jail the criminals. The judgments made will depend on evidence presented by the prosecutor (Bohm & Haley, 2011).In this case, the police cannot meet the demand of the terrorists who are demanding the release of prisoners in overseas. The police officers should do their best to identify the origin of this anonymous call and arrest the caller. The criminal just system does not negotiate with criminals but they have to face the full force of law. They have to be dealt with accordingly by various jurisdiction agencies and get fair trials (Bohm & Haley, 2011).In conclusion the jurisdiction agencies should work hand in hand to ensure the rate of crime is controlled. The jurisdiction agencies stated above should be well monitored to ensure there are no conflicting roles. When these agencies are well used, such rates and be prevented in future after appropriate measures are taken (Bohm & Haley, 2011).ReferencesBohm, R., & Haley, K. (2011). Introduction to criminal justice (7th ed.). N ew York, N.Y.: Glencoe.

Basic in Management Essay example

Basic in Management Essay example Basic in Management Essay example resume basic in management as per Robbins, S., Coulter, M., Langton N. (2009) Management. 9th ed. pearson canada inc. toronto, on Week 1 Managerial concerns Efficiency (mean): doing the right thing Low resource waste (high efficiency) Effectiveness (ends): doing thing right High goal attainment (high effectiveness) Managerial function (to achieve organisation’s stated purpose) affected by culture Performing duties to efficiently and effectively coordinate the work of others Planning: degree of risk, plan developed by individual or team, degree of environmental scanning that management will engage Organizing: who much autonomy into employees jobs, task perform by individual or in team, degree that different managers interact with each other Leading: degree of concerns with employees job satisfaction, what leadership style is appropriate, if disagreement even constructive ones should be eliminated Controlling: impose external control or allow employees to control their own actions, criteria in employee’s performance evaluation, repercussion from exceeding budget Management role Interpersonal roles Informational roles Decisional roles Management skills Technical Human Conceptual Challenge to managing Ethics Workforce diversity Globalisation (international organisation) Costumers (create a customer-responsive culture: hire right employee, few rigid rules, empower employee, encourage listening skills, clarity of roles, have conscientious employee Innovations: nothing is more risky than not innovating Knowledge management :cultivation of a learning culture, encourage knowledge charing Type of e-business E-business-enhanced organisation (units within traditional organization) E-business-enabled organisation (tools and app. Used within traditional organization) Total e-business organisation (organisation’s entire work processes revolve around e-business model) Week 2 Manager how much control? Probably between omnipotent and symbolic views The omnipotent view: directly responsible for success or failure The symbolic view: limited effect on outcomes because of a large number of factors outside their control The organisational culture: The way we do things around here. Attention to details: employees are expected to exhibit precision, analysis and attention to details Outcome orientation: manager focus on result or outcomes rather than how these outcome are acheived People orientation: take into account the effect on people Team orientation: work is organise around team rather than individual Aggressiveness: employees are aggressive and competitive rather than cooperative Stability: maintaining the status quo Innovation and rick taking: employees are encourage to be innovative and take risk Factor affecting strength of culture Size of organisation Age of the organisation Rate of employer turnover Strength of original culture Clarity of cultural values and beliefs Strong culture (make it easier for managers to achieve organisation goals) Create stronger employee commitment to the organisation Aids in recruitment High organisation performance by promoting employee initiative Employees learn culture by Stories Rituals Material symbols Language Managers can create ethical, innovative and customer-responsive culture Ethical culture High risk tolerance Low to moderate aggressiveness Focus on mean as well as outcomes Tips: be a visible role model, communicate ethical expectation, provide ethic training, visibly reward ethical and punish unethical acts, provide confidentiality Creating Innovative culture Challenge and involvement Freedom Trust and openness Idea time Playfulness/humor Conflict resolution Debates Risk taking Environment External: forces or institutions that can affect organisation’s performance Public pressure, suppliers, competitor, customers Specific: external forces that have a direct and immediate impact General: economics, socio-cultural,